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Research into the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of melanoma is being done in medical centers throughout the world.

Causes and prevention

Sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Some research suggests there are 2 main ways that exposure to UV rays is linked to melanoma, but there is likely some overlap.

The first link is to sun exposure as a child and teenager. People with melanoma often have an early history of sunburns or other intense sun exposures, although not everyone does. This early sun exposure may damage the DNA (genes) in skin cells called melanocytes, which starts them on a path to becoming melanoma cells many years later. This might help explain why melanomas often occur on the thighs (in women) and trunk (in men), areas that generally aren’t exposed to the sun as much in adulthood.

The second link is to chronic sun exposure. This type of exposure may be the cause of many melanomas that occur on the arms, neck, and face – areas that often get a lot of sun.

Researchers are studying if melanomas that develop from these different patterns of UV exposure have different gene changes that might require them to be treated differently.

Public education

Most melanomas (and other skin cancers) can be prevented. The best way to lower the number of skin cancers and the serious problems they can cause is to educate people, especially parents, about risk factors and warning signs and symptoms. It’s important for health care professionals and skin cancer survivors to remind everyone about the dangers of too much UV exposure (both from the sun and from man-made sources such as tanning beds) and about the ways you can protect your skin from UV rays.

Along with recommending staying in the shade, the American Cancer Society uses a slogan popularized in Australia as part of our skin cancer prevention message in the United States. Slip! Slop! Slap!^? and Wrap! is a catchy way to remember when going outdoors to slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen, slap on a hat, and wrap on sunglasses to protect your eyes and the sensitive skin around them.

Melanoma genetics

Scientists have made a great deal of progress in understanding how some of the DNA (gene) changes inside normal skin cells can lead them to become melanoma cells.

Some people inherit gene changes (mutations) from their parents that raise their risk of melanoma. For example, changes in the CDKN2A (p16) gene cause some melanomas that run in certain families. People who have a strong family history of melanoma might want to speak with a cancer genetic counselor or a doctor experienced in cancer genetics to discuss the possible benefits, limits, and downsides of testing for changes in this gene (and others) that can increase melanoma cancer risk.

Researchers are also looking at other gene changes (or even patterns of gene changes) in melanoma cells to learn more about how they grow and how best to treat them. For example:

• Melanoma cells with certain gene changes might be more likely to spread, and therefore might need more intensive testing or treatment.
• Some gene changes make it more likely that the cancer will respond to certain treatments, such as targeted drugs or immunotherapy.

These topics are discussed in more detail below.

Early detection and diagnosis

Melanoma can often be found early, when it is most likely to be cured. Monthly skin self-exams and awareness of the possible warning signs may be helpful in finding most melanomas when they are at an early, curable stage.

The sponsors annual free skin cancer screenings throughout the country. Many local American Cancer Society offices work closely with the AAD to provide volunteers for registration, coordination, and education efforts related to these free screenings. Look for information in your area about these screenings or  for more information.

Smartphone apps

In recent years, many smartphone apps have been developed that claim to help identify skin cancers, including melanomas. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may help make these apps better at identifying concerning areas on the skin that need to be looked at by a doctor.

While these tools may eventually prove to be helpful, it’s not yet clear how accurate they are, and more research is needed before expert groups would recommend them. For now, it’s best to have any area you’re concerned about looked at by a trained health professional.

Newer approaches to help determine if a tumor is a melanoma

Sometimes it can be hard for health care providers – even dermatologists – to tell if an abnormal area is likely to be a melanoma (and therefore should be biopsied) just based on how it looks. Because of this (and because of how dangerous melanomas can be), many skin biopsies are done on areas that turn out not to be melanomas.

Some newer devices can be placed over the skin to help health care providers get a better idea if an abnormal area is likely to be a melanoma, without needing to remove it.

For example, dermatologists sometimes use a technique known as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), in which a low-powered laser is aimed at the suspicious area. The light from the laser enters the upper layers of the skin and reflects off the structures there. This can be used to create a very detailed, three-dimensional image of the area, which can help the doctor determine if the area needs to be biopsied.

Other handheld devices might be especially helpful for primary care providers and other health professionals who don’t usually see as many skin cancers as dermatologists do. These types of devices are typically placed over the skin, and the tip of the device sends out beams of light or electrical signals, which then bounce off the skin cells and are detected by the device. The patterns of signals from cancer cells tend to be different from those of normal cells. The device can analyze the pattern coming from the area and let the provider know if it’s likely to be a melanoma (and therefore further testing is needed).

Another newer technique is adhesive patch testing. Instead of cutting into the skin to get a biopsy sample, a sticky patch is placed over the suspicious area. When it’s removed it takes some of the top layers of skin with it, which can then be tested for certain gene changes that are often linked with melanoma. If one of those gene changes is found, a standard biopsy of the area can then be done. If no gene changes are found, a biopsy isn’t needed, and the area can be watched instead.

Lab tests to help determine prognosis (outlook)

Most melanomas found at an early stage can be cured with surgery. But a small portion of these cancers eventually spread to other parts of the body, where they can be hard to treat.

Some research has shown that certain gene expression patterns in melanoma cells can help predict if early-stage melanomas are likely to spread or to come back after treatment. A lab test based on this research, known as DecisionDx-Melanoma, is now available. This test can be used to divide stage I to III melanomas into 3 main groups, based on their gene expression patterns:

• Class 1A melanomas have a lower risk of spreading or coming back.
• Class 1B or 2A melanomas have an intermediate risk of spreading or coming back.
• Class 2B melanomas have a higher risk of spreading or coming back.

This test might be used (along with other information about the melanoma) to help tell if someone with early-stage melanoma should get a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or additional treatment, or if they need to be followed more closely after treatment to look for signs of recurrence.

Tests of other genes and gene patterns are now being studied as well.

Treatment

While early-stage melanomas can often be cured with surgery, more advanced melanomas can be harder to treat. In recent years, newer types of immunotherapy and targeted therapy drugs have changed the treatment of this disease.

Immunotherapy

This type of treatment helps the body’s immune system attack melanoma cells more effectively. Some forms of immune therapy are now used to treat some melanomas (see Immunotherapy for Melanoma Skin Cancer), and others are now being studied.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Some newer drugs block “checkpoint” proteins that normally suppress the T-cell immune response against melanoma cells. These drugs are now one of the mainstays of treatment for advanced melanomas. Researchers are now looking for ways to make these drugs work even better. One way to do this might be by combining different checkpoint inhibitors, or using them with other treatments, such as other types of immunotherapy or targeted drugs.

Researchers are also studying how useful these drugs can be for earlier-stage melanomas, as an adjuvant (additional) treatment after surgery. Some have already been shown to be useful after surgery for melanomas that have reached the lymph nodes, where they can help lower the chance that the cancer will come back. Researchers are now studying to see if these drugs might be helpful for even earlier-stage melanomas, or if they might be helpful if used before surgery (called neoadjuvant treatment) for some people.

Newer immune checkpoint inhibitors with slightly different targets are now being studied as well.

Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs): Some studies have shown that treating advanced melanomas with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can shrink tumors and possibly prolong a person’s life as well. This treatment is now an option for some people with advanced melanomas, if other treatments are no longer working.

TILs are immune system cells that have entered (infiltrated) a tumor to attack the cancer cells. Once a tumor is removed with surgery, the TILs can be separated out and then multiplied in the lab, after which they can be given back to the person as an IV infusion. In studies done so far, people are usually given chemotherapy before this treatment to help the body accept the TILs. After getting the TILs, people might also be given another type of immunotherapy such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), which might help these immune cells better attack the cancer.

Newer studies are looking at changing certain genes in the TILs before they are given to see if this can make them more effective at fighting the cancer. This approach looks promising in early studies.

Melanoma vaccines: Vaccines to treat melanoma are being studied in clinical trials.

These vaccines are, in some ways, like the vaccines used to prevent diseases such as polio, measles, and mumps that are caused by viruses. Such vaccines usually contain weakened viruses or parts of a virus that can’t cause the disease. The vaccine stimulates the body’s immune system to destroy the more harmful type of virus.

In the same way, killed melanoma cells or parts of cells (antigens) can be used as a vaccine to try to stimulate the body’s immune system to destroy other melanoma cells in the body. Usually, the cells or antigens are mixed with other substances that help boost the immune response. But unlike vaccines that are meant to prevent infections, these vaccines are meant to treat an existing disease.

Making an effective vaccine against melanoma has proven to be harder than making a vaccine to fight a virus. The results of studies using vaccines to treat melanoma have been mixed so far, but many newer vaccines are now being studied and may hold more promise.

Other immunotherapies: Other new forms of immunotherapy are also being studied. In addition, many studies are now looking at combining different types of immunotherapy, which may be more effective than any single treatment for advanced melanoma.

Targeted drugs

Targeted therapy drugs are designed to attack parts of melanoma cells that make them different from normal cells. These drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy drugs. As researchers have learned more about some of the changes in melanoma cells that make them different from normal cells, they’ve developed drugs that target these changes. Some of these drugs are now commonly used to treat melanomas with certain gene changes, while others are still being studied.

Drugs that target cells with BRAF gene changes: About half of all melanomas have changes in the BRAF gene, which helps the cells grow. Drugs that target the BRAF protein or the related MEK proteins have been shown to shrink many of these tumors, especially when BRAF and MEK inhibitors are combined.

Drugs that target cells with changes in the C-KIT gene: A small number of melanomas have changes in the C-KIT gene. This is more likely in melanomas that start on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, under the nails, or in certain other places. Drugs that target cells with changes in C-KIT can often be helpful in treating these melanomas.

Drugs that target other gene or protein changes: Several drugs that target other abnormal genes or proteins are now being studied in clinical trials as well.

Researchers are also looking at combining some of these targeted drugs with other types of treatments, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy.